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Oceans cover nearly three quarters of the Earth’s surface and contain 90 percent of its life, yet they are almost entirely unexplored. Down the line, we might see more-efficient energy-storage devices based on the superconducting magnet technology used in the RHIC.ĩ: Neptune, The World’s Largest Undersea Observatory Engineers have also used the heavy ion beam to punch tiny holes in plastic sheets, making filters that can sort substances at the molecular level. What’s In It For You RHIC scientists are currently developing devices that accelerate protons and more precisely guide them to irradiate and kill cancerous tumors in humans. In examining the remnants of these collisions, the scientists have found that particles at this post-big-bang stage behave more like a liquid instead of the predicted gas. Those ions launch into two circular tubes and race at up to 99.9 percent of the speed of light before they collide. Scientific Utility To better understand how matter has evolved in our universe, physicists at the RHIC send gold atoms through several accelerators, stripping away their electrons so they become positively charged ions. Using the RHIC, scientists are trying to re-create the conditions that existed during the first millionth of a second after the big bang. As the material cools after the collision is over, protons and neutrons re-form, producing 4,000 subatomic particles in the process. As those particles disintegrate, the quarks and gluons of which they are comprised freely interact to form a new state of matter, called a quark-gluon plasma. For a complete explanation of our scoring, click here.ġ0: The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider A time machine to reveal the origins of the universe When gold ions speeding inside the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider on Long Island, New York, smash into each other, these collisions can produce temperatures of up to 7.2 trillion degrees Fahrenheit, so hot that protons and neutrons melt.
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Then we added in three subjective factors, weighing them more heavily to reflect their relative importance: the project’s scientific utility, its utility to the average person (“what will it do for me”) and the always essential “wow” factor. Even these were hard to compare on an apples-to-apples basis, though, so we also used a tiering system. For our rankings, we took into account four objective factors: the construction costs above all, but also the operating budget, the size of the staff and the physical size of the project itself. Like anything that’s large and involved, big science is not easy to measure. Check out our ranking of the 10 most epic. But the instruments that result are nearly as awe-inspiring as the new worlds they help us discover. Truly big science requires decades of expensive commitment from multiple nations. To improve our view of a vast and complex universe, scientists are creating increasingly ambitious new tools.